"Chief Medical Officer Calls for a Ban on Workplace Smoking." Occupational Health 55 (2003): 7. Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, states that smoking should be banned from the workplace as well as other public places. In the Government's fight against smoking, placing a ban on public smoking would be the final step in the battle. "It has been estimated that three million people become passive smokers when they go to work" (Chief Medical Officer 7). By banning smoking in public places, especially the workplace, the number of passive smokers would be strongly reduced. Although this article is mainly directed towards the United Kingdom, it illustrates that the United States is not the only country employing smoking bans. In addition, this article quotes Sir Donaldson, the Chief Medical Officer for England and includes statistical information concerning the support for placing bans on public smoking.

Frumkin, Paul. "Fired Up: NE States Wrestle with Smoking Measures." Nation's Restaurant News 37.25 (2003): 4 & 46. Although the majority of the United State is still undecided on the issue of enforcing a smoking ban, the number of states supporting the ban is steadily increasing in the northeast. Currently, the state of Main is expected to become the fifth state to pass workplace smoking laws. The first four states to pass these laws include California, Delaware, New York and Connecticut. Rick Sampson, president and chief executive of the New York State Restaurant Association, states, "the way things are going, I wouldn't be surprised to see the whole Northeast go smoke-free within a couple of years" (Frumkin 4). This article continues to discuss the increasing number of states supporting the smoking restrictions and the accommodations restaurants will be required to provide for the customers who choose to smoke. Although this article does not provide any statistical information, it is very informative on the subject of states supporting the smoking bans. This article would be very useful to an individual tracking the support movement throughout the United States.

Gecker, Rachel. "U.S. Cities Put Out Smokers." Successful Meetings 52 (2003): 14. Many cities within the United States are beginning to adopt the 'no smoking rule'. In April of 2003, New York City began banning smoking in public places such as restaurants, bars, taverns, and workplaces. However, New York City is not the only city with strict antismoking laws. "Dallas, El Paso, Denver, and Philadelphia - with Boston and Chicago are not too far behind" (Gecker 14) in the process of enforcing such laws. Although this article does not use a lot of specific terminology, it does provide excellent information concerning how each individual state within the United States feels on the issue of public smoking. Due to the fact that this article requires no previous knowledge on the subject of secondhand smoking, this article is more on the level of a basic, informative piece of writing.

Hyland, Andrew, Vanaja Puli, Michael Cummings, and Russ Sciandra. "New York's Smoke-Free Regulations: Effects on Employment and Sales in the Hospitality Industry." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 44 (2003): 9-16. The banning of smoking in public places is not only raising controversy concerning individual's freedom, but on the economic effects in "hospitality businesses in thirty states or provinces in seven countries" (Hyland 10). The article continues to inspect the other topics including studying the economics of smoke-free regulations, the measures of sales and employment, and analysis of these subjects. Specific terminology is used and presents a scholarly tone to the overall article. In addition, the scholarly tone and terminology is supported by numerous references to outside sources. Businesses as well as economic researchers would find this article very useful in evaluating the effects on employment and sales due to the banning of smoking in public places.

"Observational Survey of Smoking Provisions in Food Service Establishments - Southeast Health District, Georgia, 2001." Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report 52 (2003): 307-9. Exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) in the United States is an increasingly large issue. "Approximately 38,000 deaths are attributable to second hand smoke exposure each year" (Observational Survey of Smoking 307). Due to the fact that Georgia does not have a state law that prohibits smoking in public places, this article is helpful in the developing of a law that at least mandates that each restaurant has completely separate smoking areas for non-smokers and smokers. Included in this article are several charts that examine the smoking provisions in food service provisions and the provision to minimize exposure to second hand smoke. In addition, several references are used, which gives this article a very scholarly tone.

Rather, John. "Extended Smoking Ban supported, Poll Says." The New York Times, Long Island 18 Aug. 2003:7. Oklahoma State University Microfilms. The issue concerning placing a ban on public smoking has raised many questions in the public's minds and in the Government's minds. Two of these major questions are whether or not the public would support such a ban and if the economic system would suffer, especially the restaurant industry. In this article these main questions are answered. A survey was conducted in the Long Island area in order to find out if the citizens eating and going out habits would be affected by the smoking ban. "Only nine percent said they would eat out less" (Rather 7). While this article provides no support related to the dangerous health issues related to secondhand smoking, it does provide valuable information regarding the public's support of the smoking ban.

"Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Middle and High School Students." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003): 152-54. Secondhand smoke does not only affect adults, it affects everybody who inhales it, including infants and teenagers. In fact, exposure to secondhand smoke causes "approximately 3,000 deaths each year in Texas (Secondhand Smoke 152). This article evaluates the effects secondhand smoke has on adolescents in the state of Texas. Within this article there is a considerable amount of information and statistics that supports the banning of smoking in public areas. Due to the fact that the author uses his own research in combination of additional outside information and statistics, this article has an exceptionally intellectual tone. Such information would be helpful to citizens and lawmakers that are trying to get a law passed to ban smoking in public places, especially areas that children often go to.

Shephard, Roy J. The Risks of Passive Smoking. New York: Oxford UP, 1982. Chapter Seven, Smoke Exposure and Health, provides very valuable information concerning the affects second hand smoking has on non-smokers. "Since tobacco smoke contains many known carcinogens, there is plainly a rise that passive exposure to such agents could give rise to lung cancer in non-smokers" (Shephard 95). Included in this chapter are many references dealing with the health affects associated with passive smoking, along with charts and graphs to support the information. This book would be helpful to doctors, researchers and even law makers who are concerned with protecting human health. Although this book was published in 1982, it will remain a valuable piece of information due to the accuracy of the data and the scholarly tone of the book.

Tang, Hao, David W. Cowling, Jon C Lloyd: Todd Rogers, et al. "Changes of Attitudes and Patronage Behaviors in Response to a Smoke-Free Bar Law." American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003): 611-17. Although there is a large amount of second hand smoke (SHS) in public places such as restaurants, bowling alleys, occupational areas and other public places, bars and taverns seem to be the leading area for SHS. In fact, "occupational exposure to ETS [environmental tobacco smoke] has been estimated to be 3.9 to 6.1 times higher among bar workers than among office workers" (Tang 611). As a result, laws restricting smoking in bars and taverns have been implemented through out the United States since 1994. The main concern with the passing of these laws is whether or not there would be a decline in consumers as a direct result. This article answers this question as well as other questions concerning the affects on smoke-free bars. Other than the information that the authors have researched themselves, this article cites information from other researchers and provides an outstanding level of quality research.

Viscusi, W. Kip. Smoke-Filled Rooms. Chicago: Chicago UP, 2002. Environmental tobacco smoke, also known as ETS, has become an increasingly prominent issue due to the increasing amount of smoking restrictions. These restrictions were at first focused on the nuisance effects, but have recently shifted and are now focused on the effects it has on human health. Chapter six of this book focuses on the effects ETS has on human health. In addition, the author uses an enormous amount of outside evidence to support the claim that ETS and second hand smoking (SHS) is harmful to human health. Such evidence includes quotes form outside sources as well as charts that related ETS to lung cancer risks and even deaths.